References for Essential Principles

American Red Cross (http://www.redcross.org)

Anthrax, Bioterrorism, And Risk Communication: Guidelines For Action (Twenty-Six Recommendations) (http://www.psandman.com/col/part1.htm) The Twenty-Six Recommendations for risk communication about a bioterrorist attack are from the larger article - Anthrax, Bioterrorism, and Risk Communication: Guidelines for Action. Written by Peter M. Sandman and originally published in article form to The Peter Sandman Risk Communication Web Site.
Assessing And Communicating The Risks Of Terrorism (FischhoffAAAS.pdf) Baruch Fischhoff's examination of the psychology of risk, risk analysis, and risk communication. Also, looks at special considerations in the domain of terrorism and how these perspectives apply to bioterrorism.
Brentwood Anthrax Incident (BrentwoodAnthraxIncident.pdf)
Beyond Panic Prevention: Addressing Emotion in Emergency Communication (BeyondPanicPrevention.pdf) A discussion of how to address emotions that may be expressed in emergency situations: outrage, panic, denial, rage, depression, etc. through effective risk communication. Written by Peter M. Sandman for the ERC CDCynergy CD.
Bridging (Covello_bridging.pdf) An article by Dr. Vincent T. Covello on the importance of bridging to your key messages in media interactions and a discussion of successful bridging techniques.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (http://www.cia.gov)

CERC Pocket Card (EmergencyCardA8.pdf)
Consider Audience Point of View in Communicating about Crises (ConsiderAudiencePointofViewinCommunicatingaboutCrises.pdf)

Department of Agriculture (USDA) (http://www.usda.gov)

Department of Defense (DoD) (http://www.dod.gov)

Department of Energy (DOE) (http://www.energy.gov)

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (http://www.hhs.gov)

Department of Justice, Office for Domestic Preparedness (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/)

Department of State (http://www.state.gov)

Department of the Interior (DOI) (http://www.doi.gov)

Department of the Treasury (http://www.treasury.gov)

Department of Transportation (DOT) (http://www.dot.gov)

Dilemmas in Emergency Communication Policy (Dilemmas.pdf) A discussion of ten dilemmas of emergency communication policy:

  • Candor versus secrecy
  • Speculation versus refusal to speculate
  • Tentativeness versus confidence
  • Being alarming versus being reassuring
  • Being human versus being professional
  • Being apologetic versus being defensive
  • Decentralization versus centralization
  • Democracy and individual control versus expert decision-making
  • Planning for denial and misery versus planning for panic
  • Erring on the side of caution versus taking chances

Written by Dr. Peter Sandman for the ERC CDCynergy CD.

Effective Message Checklist (CKCRIT_messagedevelopment.pdf)
Emergency Public Information Pocket Guide (EPIPocketGuide.pdf)
Emergency/Crisis/Risk Communication Definitions Communication theorists commonly use terms from many different areas of communication study. EmergencyCrisisRiskCommunicationDefinitions.pdf
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office (CEPPO) (http://www.epa.gov/ceppo)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (http://www.fbi.gov)
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (http://www.fema.gov)
Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health (http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4811a1.htm)
To view the complete Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health (September 17, 1999/ 48[RR11];1-40, MMWR)
Get Your Information Out Early (GetYourInformationOutEarly.pdf)
Identify and Train Spokespeople (IdentifyandTrainSpokespeople.pdf)
Managing Perceived Risk vs. Actual Risk in a Crisis (ManagingPerceivedRiskvsActualRiskinaCrisis.pdf)
Media Strategy (Media_Strategy.pdf)
Message Mapping (Covello_message_mapping.pdf) An article by Dr. Vincent T. Covello on how to develop effective messages using a message map; the article provides guidelines for using message maps and a list of steps for developing a message map.
National Domestic Preparedness Office (NDPO) (http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fbi/ndpo/)
National Pharmaceutical Stockpile Communication Needs Assessment (NPSchecklist.pdf)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) (http://www.nrc.gov)
Obvious or Suspected, Here or Elsewhere, Now or Then: Paradigms of Emergency Events (ObviousSuspected.pdf) A discussion of six different emergency event situations, why they are important, how they differ, and what can be done through emergency risk communication to address them. Written by Peter M. Sandman for the ERC CDCynergy CD.
Office of Homeland Security (http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland)
Procedures for Evaluating Emergency Risk Communication Activities (evaluation.htm)
Providing Basic Background to the Media (ProvidingBasicBackgroundtotheMedia.pdf) 
Risk Communication: Evolution and Revolution (aCovelloSandmanarticle.pdf) Study of Risk Communication, where it came from and what it is composed of, by Vincent T. Covello and Peter M. Sandman.
Six Rules For Government And Press On Terrorism: Undercutting Fear Itself (EP_six_principles.pdf) Six principles to incorporate into reporting of terrorism and into government announcements about terrorism to undercut fear.
SMOG Readability Index (SMOG_Readability.pdf)
Stakeholder Reaction Assessment Sheet (WKSHEET_stakeholder_reaction.pdf)
Stakeholder Reaction Assessment Sheet Sample (SampleStakeholderAssessment.pdf)
10 Healthy Psychological Responses to Terrorism (10HealthyPsychologicalResponsestoTerrorism.pdf) 
Ten Tips for Working with the Media (Media_Slides.pdf)
The EPA's Seven Cardinal Rules Of Risk Communication (EPA_Seven_Cardinal_Rules.pdf) Pamphlet drafted by Vincent T. Covello and Frederick W. Allen dealing with seven suggestions to aid in successful risk communication.
Tools for Determining Readability Messages should be written at an understandable level - preferably at the 6th grade reading level; use one of the following tools to measure the reading grade level of your messages:
Determining Reading Level Using Word (INSTR_Word_Readability.pdf)
Determining Reading Level Using WordPerfect (INSTR_Word Perfect_Readability.pdf)
Determining Reading Level Manually (INSTR_SMOG_Readability.pdf)
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) (http://www.tsa.gov)
U.S. National Response Team (NRT) (http://www.nrt.org)

Videos

video:  Sandman on "Give people something to do"1 Sandman on "Give people something to do"
video:  Siehl on "Needs of Audiences"2 Siehl on "Needs of Audiences"
video:  Nowak on "Importance of knowing your target audience"3 Nowak on "Importance of knowing your target audience"
video:  Covello on "Structuring the message"4 Covello on "Structuring the message"
video:  Covello on "Presenting messages"5 Covello on "Presenting messages"
video:  Covello on "Preparing answers in advance"6 Covello on "Preparing answers in advance"
video:  Sandman on "Candor vs. withholding information"7 Sandman on "Candor vs. withholding information"
video:  Covello on "Being empathetic"8 Covello on "Being empathetic"
video:  Covello on "Image to the public"9 Covello on "Image to the public"
video:  Covello on "Perceptions of risk"10 Covello on "Perceptions of risk"
video:  Sandman on "Message building - seesaw"11 Sandman on "Message building - seesaw"
video:  Sandman on "When speculation is OK"12 Sandman on "When speculation is OK"
video:  Sandman on "How to speculate"13 Sandman on "How to speculate"
video:  Reynolds on "Why communication?"14 Reynolds on "Why communication?"
video:  Reynolds on "Why emergency risk communication"15 Reynolds on "Why emergency risk communication"
video:  Reynolds on "Don't take it personally"16 Reynolds on "Don't take it personally"
video:  Golan on "Stay in your niche"17 Golan on "Stay in your niche"
video:  Sandman on "Showing compassion by showing you are afraid too"18 Sandman on "Showing compassion by showing you are afraid too"
video:  Sandman on "Telling stories as a way to be personal"19 Sandman on "Telling stories as a way to be personal"
video:  Covello on "Pros and cons of public meetings as a delivery method"20 Covello on "Pros and cons of public meetings as a delivery method"
video:  Covello on "Effective public meetings"21 Covello on "Effective public meetings"
video:  Covello on "Importance of maintaining control during public meetings"22 Covello on "Importance of maintaining control during public meetings"
video:  Covello on "Bridging techniques"23 Covello on "Bridging techniques"
video:  Covello on "Preparing ahead of time"24 Covello on "Preparing ahead of time"
video:  Sandman on "Criteria for choosing a spokesperson"25 Sandman on "Criteria for choosing a spokesperson"
video:  Sandman on "Communication expert vs. emergency communication expert"26 Sandman on "Communication expert vs. emergency communication expert"
video:  Reynolds on "Media: It's their job to ask tough questions"27 Reynolds on "Media: It's their job to ask tough questions"
video:  Golan on "Timeliness and accuracy"28 Golan on "Timeliness and accuracy"
video:  Golan on "Ways to get information out"29 Golan on "Ways to get information out"
video:  Grant on "Know players ahead of time"30 Grant on "Know players ahead of time"
video:  Garland on "Don't forget non-traditional channels"31 Garland on "Don't forget non-traditional channels"
video:  Covello on "Preparing answers ahead of time"32 Covello on "Preparing answers ahead of time"
video:  Freimuth on "Scheduling - taking care of your staff"33 Freimuth on "Scheduling - taking care of your staff"
video:  Freimuth on "Finding additional staff/personnel"34 Freimuth on "Finding additional staff/personnel"
video:  Golan on "Take care of your staff"35 Golan on "Take care of your staff"
video:  Garland on "Importance of the office manager"36 Garland on "Importance of the office manager"
video:  Garland on "Taking care of stress"37 Garland on "Taking care of stress"
Working With the Media Checklist (Media_Checklist.pdf)