Crisis and emergency risk communication is the attempt by science or public health professionals to provide information that allows an individual, stakeholders, or an entire community to make the best possible decisions during a crisis emergency about their well being. Often this communication must be done within nearly impossible time constraints and requires public acceptance of the imperfect nature of the available choices for action. Successful crisis and emergency risk communication is achieved through the skillful use of risk communication theory and techniques. This section of the Essential Principles module provides a selection of risk communication writings and advice from nationally recognized risk communication experts, including Dr. Peter Sandman, Dr. Vincent Covello, and Dr. Baruch Fischoff. This section also provides a listing of risk communication resource sites that offer more in-depth materials on specific risk communication subjects.
Emergency/Crisis/Risk Communication Definitions Communication theorists commonly use terms from many different areas of communication study.
Anthrax, Bioterrorism, And Risk Communication: Guidelines For Action (Twenty-Six Recommendations) The Twenty-Six Recommendations for risk communication about a bioterrorist attack are from the larger article - Anthrax, Bioterrorism, and Risk Communication: Guidelines for Action. Written by Peter M. Sandman and originally published in article form to The Peter Sandman Risk Communication Web Site. http://www.psandman.com/col/part1.htm
Assessing And Communicating The Risks Of Terrorism Baruch Fischhoff's examination of the psychology of risk, risk analysis, and risk communication. Also, looks at special considerations in the domain of terrorism and how these perspectives apply to bioterrorism.
Beyond Panic Prevention: Addressing Emotion in Emergency Communication A discussion of how to address emotions that may be expressed in emergency situations: outrage, panic, denial, rage, and depression through effective risk communication. Written by Peter M. Sandman for the ERC CDCynergy CD.
Bridging A discussion of effective bridging techniques for emergency risk communication. Written by Dr. Vincent T. Covello for the ERC CDCynergy CD.
Dilemmas in Emergency Communication Policy A discussion of ten dilemmas of emergency communication policy:
- Candor versus secrecy
- Speculation versus refusal to speculate
- Tentativeness versus confidence
- Being alarming versus being reassuring
- Being human versus being professional
- Being apologetic versus being defensive
- Decentralization versus centralization
- Democracy and individual control versus expert decision-making
- Planning for denial and misery versus planning for panic
- Erring on the side of caution versus taking chances.
Written by Dr. Peter Sandman for the ERC CDCynergy CD.
EPA's Seven Cardinal Rules Of Risk Communication Pamphlet drafted by Vincent T. Covello and Frederick W. Allen dealing with seven suggestions to aid in successful risk communication.
Message Mapping A discussion of effective message development using the technique of message mapping. Written by Dr. Vincent T. Covello for the ERC CDCynergy CD.
Obvious or Suspected, Here or Elsewhere, Now or Then: Paradigms of Emergency Events A discussion of six different emergency event situations, why they are important, how they differ, and what can be done through emergency risk communication to address them. Written by Peter M. Sandman for the ERC CDCynergy CD.
Risk Communication and the War Against Terrorism: High Hazard, High Outrage A discussion of risk communication issues in a post 9/11 world. http://www.psandman.com/col/9-11.htm
Risk Communication: Evolution and Revolution Study of Risk Communication, where it came from and what it is composed of, by Vincent T. Covello and Peter M. Sandman.
Six Rules For Government And Press On Terrorism: Undercutting Fear Itself Six principles to incorporate into reporting of terrorism and into government announcements about terrorism to undercut fear.
ASTHO Web site - The Association of State and Territorial Health Officials Web site whose mission is to formulate and influence sound national public health policy and to assist state health departments in the development and implementation of programs and policies to promote health and prevent disease, including risk communication. http://www.astho.org
ASTHO also offers two Web broadcasts dealing specifically with Risk Communication. http://www.astho.org/docs/productions/ 0306riskcomm.html
ATSDR Evaluation Primer - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's primer for facilitating planning evaluations for health risk communication programs. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/evalp1.html
Center for Risk Communication - Information dealing with the development and use of advanced communication methods. http://www.centerforriskcommunication.com
Current Bibliographies in Medicine: Health Risk Communication - National Library of Medicine bibliography listing for Health Risk Communication. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/ health_risk_communication.html
Peter Sandman Risk Communication Web Site - Articles and advice on risk communication issues. http://www.psandman.com
Risk Communication, the West Nile Virus Epidemic, and Bioterrorism: Responding to the Communication Challenges Posed by the Intentional or Unintentional Release of a Pathogen in an Urban Setting - Center for Risk Communication overview of the risk communication theoretical perspective and basic risk communication models. http://www.centerforriskcommunication.com/pubs/crc-p1.pdf
Risk Communication Bibliography - Center for Environmental Communication Studies bibliography listing for Risk Communication. http://excellent.com.utk.edu/~mmmiller/bib.html
Training Needs Plan: Risk Assessment, Management, and Communication - Center for Risk Excellence plan for assessing, identify, and evaluating existing training, and making recommendations for course development and/or delivery where gaps in training exist. http://riskcenter.doe.gov/docs/cre/Training-Program.pdf
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