Audiences: Audience research/formative evaluation
SEE ALSO: Qualitative methods in the categorized index

Breen, G. E., & Blankenship, A.B. (1998). Do-It-Yourself Marketing Research (3rd ed.). Replica Books.

CDC/National Center on Chronic Disease.  Inventory of qualitative research on nutrition and physical activity.   http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/qualitative research/index.htm

ClickZ Network provides information on the demographics of internet users. http://www.clickz.com/stats/sectors/demographics/

DHHS.  Prevention Communication Research Database includes findings from audience research on health problems with behavioral causes. http://www.health.gov/communication/

Flu focus group reports for African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian audiences: IM_Flu_Focus_Groups.pdf

Gettleman, L. (2000). Using focus groups to develop a heart disease prevention program for ethnically diverse, low income women. J of Community Health, 25(6), 439-453.

Goodman, R.M., & Wandersman, A. (1994). FORECAST: A formative approach to evaluating community coalitions and community-based initiatives, Journal of Community
Psychology, Special issue
: 6-25.

Kaiser Family Foundation.  For public opinions about health topics, search the Kaiser Network’s health poll archives at http://www.kaisernetwork.org

Lifestyle Data. A number of commercial market research firms regularly collect consumer lifestyle data, such as consumer products purchased and media outlets watched or read by audience segment. Most of these data sets must be purchased, and some allow you to pay to add questions to their regularly scheduled surveys. Here are some firms:

  • Arbitron tracks media viewership: http://www.arbitron.com
  • Claritas has links to most of the other consumer surveys: http://www.claritas.com
  • Simmons Market Research Bureau surveys households, adults, teens, children, and Hispanics: http://www.smrb.com
  • SRI Consulting Business Intelligence conducts a Values and Lifestyle Survey: http://www.sric-bi.com/VALS/
  • Teen Research Unlimited (TRU) conducts a semiannual teen survey: http://www.teenresearch.com/
  • CDC prepared this summary of some of these databases: Databases.pdf
  • Prizm lifestyle data. Using data for planning vaccination program: Prism_Vaccine.pdf
  • Porter-Novelli conducts the HealthStyles survey: Healthstyles.pdf and Healthstyles_Resource_Kit.pdf

Myllyluoma, J., et al. (2000). Assessing community-wide outcomes of prevention marketing campaigns through telephone surveys, Social Marketing Quarterly, 6(1):23-32.

Roper Center for Public Opinion Research: http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu

University of California San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Good Questions/Better Answers: A Formative Research Handbook for California HIV Prevention Programs http://www.caps.ucsf.edu/goodquestions/


Audiences: Audience segmentation
SEE ALSO: Qualitative methods in the categorized index

CDC/Office of Communication.  Slide presentation containing information about the process of audience segmentation. Note that the phases described are from Basic CDCynergy and not CDCynergy Social Marketing Edition. CV_Audsegslides.pdf

Criteria for segmentation selection matrix for an exercise campaign: Segmentation_Matrix.pdf

Health Canada.  Market segmentation http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/activit/marketsoc/tools-outils/sec2-segment/index_e.html

Frankenberger, K., and A.S. Sukhdial (1994). Segmenting Teens for AIDS Preventive Behaviors with Implications for Marketing Communications. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 13(1):133-150.

Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs. Chapter 2: Audience Segmentation.  In: A field guide to designing a health communication strategy. http://www.jhuccp.org/pubs/fg/02/04-chapter2.pdf

John, J., & Miaoulis, G. (1992). A Model for Understanding Benefit Segmentation in Preventive Health Care. Health Care Management Review, 17(2):21-32.

Plummer, J. (1984-85). How Personality Makes a Difference, Journal of Advertising Research, 24, 27-31.


Audiences: Audience profiles
SEE ALSO: Qualitative research in the categorized index

Folic Acid campaign: FA_Audience_Profile.pdf

Hepatitis C campaign: Hep_C_Matrix_Profile.pdf

Hispanics/Latinos for Diabetes DB_Hispanic_Latino_and_Diabetes-Audience_Profile.pdf

Preteens, see Life's_First_Great_Crossroads.pdf

Prevention Marketing Initiative Sacramento Demonstration Site: SOC_SacProfile.pdf


Best practices

Alcalay, R. & Bell, R. (2000). Promoting nutrition and physical activity through social marketing: current practices and recommendations.  http://socialmarketing-nutrition.ucdavis.edu/publications.htm#review1

Brownson, R. C., Remington, P. L., and Davis, J. R. (Eds.). (1999). Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Control (2nd ed.) Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association. For more information and to order, go to http://www.apha.org/media/abc1.htm

CDC, The Community Guide for Preventive Services summarizes domestic, evidence-based practices in more than a dozen health areas. http://www.thecommunityguide.org

CDC, CDC Recommends is a searchable database of recommended practices and reports on health topics. http://www.phppo.cdc.gov/cdcRecommends/AdvSearchV.asp

CDC (1999) An Ounce of Prevention: What are the returns?  The cost-benefit or cost savings of 19 different public health strategies.  http://www.cdc.gov/epo/prevent.htm

CDC (1999) Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/bestprac.htm

CDC (2001) Compendium of HIV Prevention Interventions with Evidence of Effectiveness describes, provides evidence for, and explains how to access details about HIV prevention programs that worked for various target audiences (e.g., youth, IDU, women). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/hivcompendium/hivcompendium.htm

Cooperative Extension System facilitates the collection, development, access and delivery of health related information and educational materials among the Land Grant Universities and the general public through: http://www.nnh.org

NIH produces consensus statements for best medical and screening practices for a number of health issues. http://consensus.nih.gov/PREVIOUSSTATEMENTS.htm

SAMSHA (1999) Here’s Proof Prevention Works, assesses the effectiveness of CSAP’s substance abuse prevention demonstration programs for high risk youth.  Order a free copy from: http://store.health.org/catalog/productDetails.aspx? ProductID=14591

Search Institute (2005) Developmental Assets is an overview of assets that help youth develop healthy lifestyles. http://www.search-institute.org/assets/

United Nations (2004) Best Practices is a searchable database of tested, practical ways that more than 140 countries address common social, economic and environmental problems of an urbanizing world. It highlights instances in which public, private and civil society sectors worked together to improve governance, eradicate poverty, provide access to shelter, land and basic services, protect the environment and support economic development. http://www.bestpractices.org

University of California-San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS), HIV Prevention Fact Sheets: http://www.caps.ucsf.edu/FSindex.html

USAID’s HEALTHCOM Project (1995). Tool Box for Building Health Communication Capacity. Washington, DC: AED. DOC # PN-ABU-931, order from http://dec.usaid.gov/index.cfm?p=search.getCitation& CFID=4525849&CFTOKEN=71082935&rec_no=85975


Coalitions/partnerships: Forming and maintaining coalitions
SEE ALSO:  Strategy/planning: Planning frameworks

Alexander, J.A., Weiner, B.J., Metzger, M.E., Shortell, S.M., Bazzoli, G.J., Hasnain-Wynia, R., Sofaer, S., Conrad, D.A. (2003) Sustainability of collaborative capacity in community health partnerships.  Medical Care Research Review, 60(4 Suppl), 130-160.

Berkowitz, B., & Wolff, T. (2000). The Spirit of the Coalition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. Order at http://www.apha.org

CDC/ATSDR Committee on Community Engagement (1997). Principles of Community Engagement http://www.cdc.gov/phppo/pce/index.htm

CDC (2005) Forging Partnerships to Eliminate Tuberculosis http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/forge/default.htm

Center for Medicare Education (2001), Managing Volunteers, SOC_Managing_Volunteers.pdf

CSAP (2000). Prevention Works! Incorporating Faith-Based Organizations in Prevention Strategies, SOC_Prevention_Works.pdf

DHHS, Healthy People 2010, Toolkit, partnership section http://www.health.gov/healthypeople/state/toolkit/partners.htm

Fallon, L.R., Tyson, F.L., Dearry, A. (2000) Successful Models of Community-based Participatory Research SOC_comm_participatory_res.pdf

Himmelman, A. (2001) On coalitions and the transformation of power relations: collaborative betterment and collaborative empowerment.  American Journal of Community Psychology, 29(2), 277-84. 

National Coalition Building Institute is a nonprofit leadership training organization. http://www.ncbi.org

National Network for Health provides guidance in developing coalitions for tobacco-free youth. Described are pervasive influences, balancing competing agendas, handling conflict and disagreement, etc. http://www.nnh.org/tobacco/toc2.htm

Ohio State University Extension, Building Coalitions is a series of fact sheets, containing information on needs assessments, mobilizing the community, working with diverse cultures, and much more. http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/bc-fact/index.html

Partnership agreement: Partner_Agreement.pdf

Partnership momentum maintenance: IM_Team_momentum.pdf

Partner organization support requests: Request_Organiz_Support.pdf

SafeUSA (2000). Lessons learned about public/private partnerships, SafeUSA_Lessons.pdf

University of Kansas, Community Toolbox: Work Group on Health Promotion and Community Development http://ctb.ku.edu/tools/en/chapter_1006.htm


Coalitions/partnerships: Specific partners
SEE ALSO: Strategy/planning: Planning frameworks and also Contractors/consultants in the categorized index

The following are some of the national consumer organizations and professional associations can help you identify data, best practices, local affiliates and colleagues with successful programs:


Ethics

American Marketing Association. Code of ethics. SOC_ama_suggested_core_reading.pdf

Andreasen, A. & Drumwright, M.E. (2000) Alliances and ethics in social marketing. http://www.social-marketing.org/papers/allianceJan2000.html

Bloom, P.N. & Novelli. W.D. (1981). "Problems and Challenges of Social Marketing." Journal of Marketing 45:79-88.

Brown, W. J., & Singhal, A. (1990). Ethical dilemmas of prosocial television. Communication Quarterly, 38 (3), 268-280.  

DHHS, Office of Human Subjects Research Protections provides information about reviewing research proposals for the ethical treatment of human participants. http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/

Guttman, N. (1997). Beyond strategic research: A value centered approach to health communication interventions. Communication Theory, 7, 95-124.

Murphy, P.E., Laczniak, G.R., Bowie, N.E., & Thomas A. Klein (2005) Ethical Marketing, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 


Health disparities
American Health Decisions, A guide to Ethnic Minority Neighborhood OutreachSOC_Ethnic_Minority_Neighborhood_Outreach.pdf  

DHHS and many of its subsidiary organizations have Offices of Minority Health.  See the following links for their resources and data on health disparities and cultural competence:

Educational Development Center, resources for bridging the digital divide. http://www.digitaldividenetwork.org

Flu focus group reports for African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian audiences: IM_Flu_Focus_Groups.pdf

Jones, C. P., Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener's Tale.  SOC_Gardeners_Tale.pdf

Jones, C. P., Race, Racism, and the Practice of Epidemiology. SOC_Race_racism_and_the_practice_of_epidemiology.pdf

Roe, K.M. & Thomas, S. (2002, April) Eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities: Mapping a course for community action and research.  Health Promotion and Practice – special theme issue.  Vol. 3.    


Health and media literacy

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Literacy and Health Outcomes. April 2004.

Bobby approval is a free online service allowing you to test single pages of web content for accessibility.  http://webxact.watchfire.com

CDC. Scientific and Technical Information: Simply Put.

Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) provides Universal Design resources at:  http://www.cast.org/research/udl/index.html

Department of Justice, Section 508 compliance: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/508/

Guide for making print documents accessible to persons with disabilitiesAccessible_Print_Docs.pdf

Health Literacy

Healthy People 2010 objective on health literacy and strategies for measuring it, available at http://odphp.osophs.dhhs.gov/projects/HealthComm/ objective2.htm

HRSA's health literacy’s webpage; it links to a bibliography on health literacy prepared by the National Library of Medicine and to several other resources: http://ruralhealth.hrsa.gov/RHC/RHCHLR.htm

Institute of Medicine (2004) Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion, National Academy of Science Press: Washington, DC, available online at: http://www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=19723

National Center for Education Statistics.  2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy.http://nces.ed.gov/naal

Osborne, H. (2004) Health Literacy from A to Z: Practical Ways to Communicate Your Health Message. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Plain Language Action & Information Network. http://www.plainlanguage.gov

Reading level assessment formulas

Research Exchange Newsletter, tips for making print and web materials accessible to people with cognitive disabilities:  http://www.ncddr.org/du/researchexchange/v08n03/8_access.html

Rudd, J. and K. Glanz. (2002) How Individuals Use Information for Health Action: Consumer Information Processing, in K. Glanz, F.M. Lewis, and B.K. Rimer (eds.) Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, John Wiley & Sons.

SPRY Foundation’s guide for creating user-friendly websites "Older Adults and the World Wide Web," SOC_website_creators_guide.pdf

Writing for Adults with Limited Reading Skills. Guidelines and information on knowing the audience, deciding on and organizing the message(s), illustration, formatting, pretesting, and readability. Access these guidelines at http://www.cyfernet.org/research/writeadult.html


Health statistics

Annie E. Casey Foundation, Kids Count tracks the status of children in the United States by state and locality. http://www.aecf.org/kidscount/census/

Boss, L. P., and Suarez, L. (1990). Uses of data to plan cancer prevention and control programs. Public Health Reports, 105, 354-360.

CDC, CDC Wonder links to the most current available statistics on a wide range of diseases and risk behaviors.  There are links to the state-based Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), surveys and registries that track specific diseases, the U.S. Census, and other sources. http://wonder.cdc.gov

CDC, Integrated Guidelines for developing epidemiological profiles:  Ryan White Care Act and HIV Community Planning: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/epi_guidelines.htm

CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) disseminates Federal and State-reported surveillance data on cases of reportable diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis, and flu. The web archive is searchable by topic. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/

CDC, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) collects survey information on general health status and specific health topics (e.g., the National Health Interview Survey, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and reports on births, deaths, and other vital statistics).  The NCHS web page also links to other websites of federal and non-federal agencies that publish health data. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/

CDC’s Prevention Marketing Initiative, Constructing Teen HIV Risk Profiles. SOC_Teen_HIV_Together.pdf

CDC’s Surveillance in a Suitcase is a 13-chapter epidemiology training course. http://www.cdc.gov/epo/surveillancein/default.htm

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Current Beneficiary Survey reports on Medicare beneficiaries (Americans with disabilities and those over age 64). http://www.cms.hhs.gov/LimitedDataSets/11 MCBS.asp#TopOfPage

Department of Health and Human Resources, Healthy People 2010 Leading Health Indicators tracks progress on health objectives. http://www.healthypeople.gov/LHI/

Kaiser Family Foundation, State Health Facts includes overall disease statistics, health disparities, women’s health and health care coverage. http://www.statehealthfacts.org

National Cancer Institute, Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) collects data on health status and history, cancer risk behaviors (e.g., diet, exercise, screening), and communication-relevant factors such as information-seeking and channel preferences. http://dccps.nci.nih.gov:0/hints/index.jsp

State Health Departments can provide state and local data for various health problems through offices of vital records and/or health statistics. http://www.apha.org/public_health/state.htm

US Census Bureau offers the Statistical Abstract of the United States and demographic data by state and smaller geographic subdivisions. http://www.census.gov

National campaigns

CDC’s Campaigns at a Glance: http://www.cdc.gov/communication/campaigns.htm

CDC’s Youth Media Campaign to help tweens be more active physically: http://www.VERBnow.com 

HRSA’s Insure Kids Now!, to increase enrollment in children’s health insurance: http://www.insurekidsnow.gov

NY Monroe County’s adolescent pregnancy prevention communications program, "Not Me, Not Now": http://www.notmenotnow.org

RWJF Turning Point Initiative’s Social Marketing National Excellence Collaborative, Lessons from the Field: http://www.turningpointprogram.org/toolkit/content/lessons.htm

The American Legacy Foundation has several ongoing anti-tobacco campaigns: http://www.americanlegacy.org

The National Cancer Institute’s 5 a Day Campaign: http://www.5aday.gov

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Buckle Up America! Campaign, to increase seat belt and safety seat use: http://www.buckleupamerica.org

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Covering Kids, to increase enrollment in children’s health insurance: http://www.coveringkids.org

The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy’s National Youth Antidrug Media Campaign: http://www.mediacampaign.org


Social determinants of health

CDC. Social Determinants of Health Fact Sheet. SOC_SDOH_ Fact_Sheet_112001.pdf


Social marketing: Books/chapters

Andreasen, A.R. (1995). Marketing Social Change: Changing Behavior to Promote Health, Social Development, and the Environment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Donovan, R. & Henley, N. (2003) Social Marketing:  Principles and Practice.  Melbourne, Australia:  IP Publications. 2003.

Fine, S.H. (1981). The Marketing of Ideas and Social Issues. New York: Praeger.

Goldberg, M.E., M. Fishbein and S.E. Middlestadt (Eds) (1997). Social Marketing: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Kotler, P., N. Roberto, and N. Lee (2002). Social Marketing: Improving the Quality of Life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Order from http://www.sagepublications.com

Lefebvre, R.C., and J.A. Flora (1988)."Social Marketing and Public Health Intervention." Health Education Quarterly 15:299-315.

Manoff, R.K. (1986). Social Marketing: New Imperative for Public Health. New York: Praeger.

Novelli, W.D. (1984). "Developing Marketing Programs." In L.W. Frederiksen, L.J. Solomon, and K.A. Brehony (Eds.) Marketing Health Behavior: Principles, Techniques and Applications. New York: Plenum Press.

Philip Kotler, Ned Roberto, Nancy Lee. (2002). Social Marketing:  Improving the Quality of Life.  Thousand Oaks, CA:  Sage Publications.

Siegel, M. & Donner, L. (1998) Marketing Public Health.  Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 

Walsh, D.C., R.E. Rudd, B.A. Moeykens, T.W. Moloney (1993). Social Marketing for Public Health, Health Affairs 12:104-119.

Weinreich, N.K. (1999) Hands-On Social Marketing:  a step-by-step guide. Thousand Oaks, CA:  Sage Publications.


Social marketing: Journals

Journal of Health Communication
Taylor and Francis
325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Subscription:  $98.00/year
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10810730.html

Social Marketing Quarterly
Taylor and Francis
325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Subscription:  $30.00/year
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/15245004.html

Social marketing: Documents (PDFs, journal articles, etc.)

American Journal of Health Behavior. (2000). 24(1). The whole issue is dedicated to social marketing.

Andreasen, Alan R. (2002). Marketing social marketing in the social change marketplace. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Spring 2002, (21)1, 3-13.

Bloom, P.N. and Novelli. W.D. (1981). Problems and Challenges of Social Marketing. Journal of Marketing 45:79-88.

Eta Sigma Gamma. (2004). The Health Education Monograph Series, 21(1). The whole monograph is dedicated to social marketing.

G. D. Wiebe. (1951). Merchandising commodities and citizenship on television.  Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 679-691.

Kotler, Philip, and Gerald Zaltman. (1971). Social marketing: An approach to planned behavior change.  Journal of Marketing, 35, 3-12.

Lefebvre, R.C., and J.A. Flora (1988). "Social Marketing and Public Health Intervention." Health Education Quarterly 15:299-315.

Neiger, Brad L., Rosemary Thackeray, Michael D. Barnes and James F. McKenzie. (2003). Postioning social marketing as a planning process for health education.  American Journal of Health Studies, 18, 2/3, 75-81.i

Quinn, G., Albrecht, T., Marshall, R., & Akintobi, T.H. (2005). Thinking like a marketer:  Training for a shift in the mindset of the public health workforce.  Health Promotion Practice, 6(2), 157-163.

Walsh, D.C., R.E. Rudd, B.A. Moeykens, T.W. Moloney (1993). Social Marketing for Public Health, Health Affairs 12:104-119.


Social marketing: Conference

Social Marketing in Public Health Annual Conference
Contact:
Office of Continuing Education
University of South Florida College of Public Health
888-USF-COPH (press “2” for direct link to CE Unit)
Access registration information at:
http://www.cme.hsc.usf.edu/coph/smph/index.html


Social marketing and specific health topics
(SEE ALSO: Social marketing: Books/chapters for specific examples)

California AIDS Clearinghouse showcases many sample materials on its website: http://www.HIVinfo.org

CDC Practice Areas: Social Marketing http://www.cdc.gov/communication/practice/socialmarketing.htm

Center for Advanced Studies in Nutrition and Social Marketing, UC Davis, http://socialmarketing-nutrition.ucdavis.edu/publications.htm#review1

HealthComm Key is a free online database of summaries of health communication studies.  It includes numerous articles on  social marketing and specific health topics. http://www.HealthCommKey.com

Institute of Social Marketing posts success stories. http://www.social-marketing.org/success.html

MacKenzie-Mohr, D. Fostering Sustainable Behavior (environmentally responsible behavior) http://www.cbsm.com

Rabin, S.A. & Porter, R.W. (1995). Application of Social Marketing Principles to AIDS Education. In American Psychological Association, The Effectiveness of AIDS Prevention Efforts: A State of the Science Report, prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Available from http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/ns20/alpha_f.html

Social Marketing Resources (CDC DNPA) http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/social marketing_resources.htm

Tools of Change.  This website, founded on the principles of community-based social marketing, offers specific tools, case studies, and a planning guide for helping people take actions and adopt habits that promote health or environmental issues: http://www.toolsofchange.com

Turning Point Social Marketing National Excellence Collaborative. Lessons from the Field provides summaries and ratings for a dozen case examples. http://www.turningpointprogram.org/toolkit/content/lessons.htm


Strategy/planning: Sample plans and strategies

Benton Foundation (2001) Think it Through http://www.benton.org/publibrary/toolkits/thinkthru.html

Boss, L. P., and Suarez, L. (1990). Uses of data to plan cancer prevention and control programs. Public Health Reports, 105, 354-360.

Communication plan for epilepsy: Epilepsy_Communication_Plan.pdf

Commmunication plan for California’s Project LEAN: CV_LEAN_Communication_Plan.pdf

Examples of mixing communication channels. Activity_Types.pdf

Minnesota Youth Tobacco Prevention Initiative, Communication Planning Kit: CV_MN_Communication_Plan_ Resources_Kit.pdf

National Infant Immunization Week: Tool for planning activities IM_NIIWplantool.pdf

Plan for DES campaign: DES_Campaign_Plan.pdf

Prospect Associates (2001) Diabetes and Flu/Pneumococcal Campaign strategies: DB_2000_Strategic_Plan.pdf

Strategic Questions SOC_strategic_questions.pdf

SWOT Analysis for vaccine safety: SWOT.pdf

SWOT Strategic Planning Process Worksheet: http://www.nnh.org/tobacco/appe-5-2.htm

White House National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, Communication strategy: http://www.mediacampaign.org/publications/strat statement/contents.html


Strategy/planning: Planning how-to

Aaker, D.A. (2001). Strategic Marketing Management (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

AMC Cancer Research Center (1994). Beyond the Brochure: Alternative Approaches to Effective Health Communication, Denver, CO: Beyond_the_Brochure.pdf

CDC (1995). Guidelines: General Considerations Regarding Health Education and Risk Reduction Activities: SOC_Guidelines-Health_Ed_Risk_Reduction.pdf

Moore, J., and W.D. Wells. (1991). R.O.I. Guidebook: Planning for Relevance, Originality and Impact in Advertising and Other Marketing Communications. DDB Needham Worldwide, Chicago.

National Cancer Institute (2004).  Making Health Communications Program Work: A Planner’s Guide, Pink_Book.pdf

Strategy/planning: Planning frameworks

Asset mapping.

CDC, List of Phases and Steps for the Social Marketing version of CDCynergy. CDCynergy Phase Step List

CDC, Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH), is widely recognized as an effective model for planning, conducting, and evaluating community health promotion and disease prevention programs. The PATCH Guide is designed to be used by the local coordinator and contains "how to" information on the process, things to consider when adapting the process to your community, and sample overheads and handout materials. http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000064/p0000064.asp

CDC, Applying Prevention Marketing: SOC_ApplyPMI.pdf

Chinman, M., Imm, P. & Wandersman, A.  (2004) Getting to Outcomes 2004 http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR101/index.html

Communication Initiative, summaries of frameworks and models that can guide and inform communication planning and review exercises: http://www.comminit.com/planning_models.html

Green, L. W. and M.W. Kreuter (1991). Health Promotion Planning: An Educational and Environmental Approach (2nd ed). Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company. Describes the Precede-Proceed Planning Model of health promotion programs. To access further information about Precede-Proceed go to http://www.ihpr.ubc.ca/ProcedePrecede.html


Theory -- behavioral, social science, & communication
SEE ALSO: Strategy/planning: Planning frameworks

Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bartholomew, L.K., G.S. Parcel, G. Kok, and N.H. Gottlieb (eds.) (2006) Health Promotion Planning: An Intervention Mapping Approach. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Cole, G.E. (1999) Advancing the development and application of theory-based evaluation in the practice of public health.  American Journal of Evaluation, 20(3), 453-470.  Contains Intervention theory structuring guide: Intervention_Theory_Structuring_Guide.pdf

Cole, G.E., Holtgrave, D.R., Rios, N.M.  Internal and external factors or determinants that encourage or discourage health-related behaviors. Health_Behavior_Factors.pdf

Communication Initiative, Change Theories, summaries of theories and assumptions about the nature of change and how best change can be encouraged and facilitated to inform strategy development and evaluation initiatives: http://www.comminit.com/power_point/change theories/index.htm

Communication-relevant theory snapshots: Communication_Relevant_Theories.pdf

Consensus from influential behavior change theorists on a list of variables that predict HIV-related behavior change; the same factors apply to other voluntary behaviors, as discussed in Fishbein, et al., below.  Behavior_Consensus.pdf

DiClemente, R.J., Crosby, R.A., Kegler, M.C. (eds.) Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research: Strategies for Improving Public Health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Fishbein, M., Triandis, H. C., Kanfer, F. H., Becker, M., Middlestadt, S. E., Eichler, A. (2001). Factors influencing behavior and behavior change. In Baum, A. Revenson, T. A. and Singer, J. E. (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology (pp. 1-7). Mahwah, NJ:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 

Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., Lewis, F.M. (eds.) (2002) Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research & Practice, 3rd Edition.  Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Gleckler, E., Longfield, K. & Zielinski-Gutierrez, E. (2000) Hybrid Behavioral Change Model. Homegrown example of a program in targeted communications that used a ‘hybrid’ of behavior change models. Louisiana Office of Public Health: SOC_behavior-change-hybrid.pdf

Green, L.W. & Kreuter, M.W. (2005) Health Promotion Planning: An Educational and Environmental Approach, 4th edition Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

McAlister, A., P. Puska, P., J.T. Salonen, J. Tuomilehto, and K. Koskela (1982). Theory and Action for Health Promotion: Illustrations from the North Karelia Project, American Journal of Public Health, 72 ,43-50.

McGuire, W.J. (1989). Theoretical Foundations of Campaigns. In R.E. Rice and C.K. Atkin (Eds). Public Communications Campaigns. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 43-65.

McLeroy, K.R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15(4), 351-377.

National Cancer Institute (2005) Theory at a Glance: A Guide for Health Promotion Practice, 2nd Edition. http://www.nci.nih.gov/theory/pdf

Prochaska, J. and C. DiClemente (1983). Stages and Processes of Self-Change in Smoking: Towards an Integrative Model of Change, J Olin Consult Psych 51:390-395.

Rogers, E. M. (1995) Diffusion of Innovations (4th ed.), New York: Free Press.

Ryder, M. Communication Theory Resources http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc/comm_theory.html


Websites, federal and bibliographic: Federal agencies

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is composed of Centers, Institutes, and Offices dedicated to promoting health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability through scientific inquiry. Specific CDC websites can be accessed through the main CDC website. http://www.cdc.gov

Department of Health and Human Services:

Healthy People 2010:  http://www.healthypeople.gov.

Library of Congress, “Thomas,” provides legislative information on the US Congress, access at: http://thomas.loc.gov

Surgeon General’s Reports.  Reports on nutrition, violence, and HIV/AIDS—to name but a few—have heightened America's awareness of important public health issues and generated major public health initiatives. For an index of the reports, see http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports.htm

US Copyright Office’s website provides forms, reports, registration procedures, federal regulations, pending regulations, search for registrations/documents, and much more. Access the Copyright Office at http://www.copyright.gov

U.S. Government is the main portal of the Federal government; all Federal agencies can be accessed through this webpage. http://www.first.gov


Websites, federal and bibliographic: Bibliographic websites & information clearinghouses

CancerLit. The National Cancer Institute has a database specific to cancer literature: http://www.cancer.gov/search/cancer_literature/

Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related Federal agencies. This database provides titles, abstracts, and availability information for health information and health education resources. You can search CHID data bases for health promotion and education materials and program descriptions that are not indexed elsewhere. New records are added quarterly and current listings are checked regularly to help ensure that entries are up to date and still available from their original sources. Some older records are retained for archival purposes.

Community Toolbox. For information on ways to promote community health and development by connecting people, ideas, and resources, access the Community Toolbox at http://ctb.ku.edu.

HealthCom Key.  This database, funded in part by CDC’s Office of Communication, contains comprehensive summaries of more than 200 articles about health communication research and practice. These articles were published between 1986 and 1996 and describe U.S.-based public health interventions with communication as a major component: http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/hcomm/index.htm

HIV/AIDS, STDs, Tuberculosis and Communities at risk – literature and resources on these topics can be found through CDC’s National Prevention Information Network http://www.cdcnpin.org

Index of Federal Health Information Centers and Clearinghouses: http://www.health.gov/nhic/Pubs/clearinghouses.htm

National Health Information Center (NHIC) helps researchers locate appropriate organizations that can provide health information. Such organizations include federal and state agencies, voluntary associations, self-help and support groups, trade associations, and professional societies. http://www.health.gov/nhic/

National Library of Medicine offers several data bases, including Medline (a data base of health journals http://www.pubmed.gov) and MedlinePlus (a source for consumer information at http://www.medlineplus.gov) To identify other data bases of interest, go to the NLM's website at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/index.html

PsycINFO is an abstract database of the psychological literature, including many articles relating to behavioral, educational and attitudinal aspects of health. This is a subscription service, but you can use it without charge at a medical or university library. http://www.apa.org/psycinfo/


Links to non-Federal organizations found in this listing are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not constitute an endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the Federal Government, and none should be inferred. The CDC is not responsible for the content of the individual organization Web pages found at these links.